Erythropoietin (Epo)

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone and peptide primarily produced by the kidneys. It stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells, increasing oxygen delivery throughout the body. EPO levels naturally rise in response to low oxygen or anemia, enhancing endurance and physical performance. Synthetic EPO and its analogs are used medically to treat anemia in kidney disease or chemotherapy patients. In sports, it’s known for its performance-enhancing effects but is banned due to doping risks. Overall, EPO is a powerful oxygen-regulating peptide hormone essential for red blood cell production and endurance.